Methods and apparatus for treating embolism

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for treating a clot in the blood vessel of a patient, and particularly the treatment of a pulmonary embolism is disclosed. The treatment includes restoring flow through the clot followed by clot removal, either partially or substantially completely. The clot treatment device is expandable into the blood vessel and may contain radial extensions that assist in restoring flow as well as in removing clot material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 13/843,742 filed Mar. 15, 2013 entitled Methods and Apparatus for Treating Embolism, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/728,775 filed Nov. 20, 2012 entitled Devices and Methods for Treatment of Vascular Occlusion and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/750,277 filed Jan. 8, 2013 entitled Devices and Methods for Treatment of Vascular Occlusion, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to the apparatus and methods of endovascular treatment of blood clots obstructing passageways in the circulatory system and particularly the endovascular treatment of pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND

Thromboembolism is the formation in a blood vessel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose (embolizes) and is carried by the blood stream to another location in the circulatory system resulting in a clot or obstruction at that new location. For example, a clot may embolize and plug a vessel in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), the brain (stroke), the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, or the legs. Thromboembolism is a significant cause of morbidity (disease) and mortality (death), especially in adults. A thromboembolism can be sudden and massive or it may be small and multiple. A thromboembolism can be any size and a thromboembolic event can happen at any time.

When a thrombus forms in the venous circulation of the body it often embolizes to the lungs. Such a thrombus typically embolizes from the veins of the legs, pelvis, or inferior vena cava and travels to the right heart cavities and then into the pulmonary arteries thus resulting in a pulmonary embolism.

A pulmonary embolism results in right heart failure and decreased blood flow through the lungs with subsequent decreased oxygenation of the lungs, heart and the rest of the body. More specifically, when such a thrombus enters the pulmonary arteries, obstruction and spasm of the different arteries of the lung occurs which further decreases blood flow and gaseous exchange through the lung tissue resulting in pulmonary edema. All of these factors decrease the oxygen in the blood in the left heart. As a result, the oxygenated blood supplied by the coronary arteries to the musculature of both the left and right heart is insufficient for proper contractions of the muscle which further decreases the entire oxygenated blood flow to the rest of the body. This often leads to heart dysfunction and specifically right ventricle dysfunction.

This condition is relatively common and has many causes. Some of the more common causes are prolonged inactivity such as bed rest, extended sitting (e.g., lengthy aircraft travel), dehydration, extensive surgery or protracted disease. Almost all of these causes are characterized by the blood of the inferior peripheral major circulatory system coagulating to varying degrees and resulting in permanent drainage problems.

There exist a number of approaches to treating thromboembolism and particularly pulmonary embolism. Some of those approaches include the use of anticoagulants, thrombolytics and endovascular attempts at removal of the emboli from the pulmonary artery. The endovascular attempts often rely on catheterization of the affected vessels and application of chemical or mechanical agents or both to disintegrate the clot. Invasive surgical intervention in which the emboli is removed by accessing the chest cavity, opening the embolized pulmonary artery and/or its branches and removing the clot is also possible.

The prior approaches to treatment, however, are lacking. For example, the use of agents such as anticoagulants and/or thrombolytics to reduce or remove a pulmonary embolism typically takes a prolonged period of time, e.g., hours and even days, before the treatment is effective. Moreover, such agents can cause hemorrhage in a patient.

And the known mechanical devices for removing an embolism are typically highly complex and prone to cause undue trauma to the vessel. Moreover, such known devices are difficult and expensive to manufacture.

Lastly, the known treatment methods do not emphasize sufficiently the goal of urgently restoring blood flow through the thrombus once the thrombus has been identified. In other words, the known methods focus primarily and firstly on overall clot reduction and removal instead of first focusing on relief of the acute blockage condition followed then by the goal of clot reduction and removal. Hence, known methods are not providing optimal patient care, particularly as such care relates to treatment of a pulmonary embolism.

SUMMARY

In view of the foregoing it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system that initially restores an acceptable level of oxygenated blood to the patient's circulatory system followed by safe and effective removal of the thrombus.

It is a further object of the present invention to treat pulmonary embolism in a minimally invasive manner.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system that does not cause undue trauma to the vessel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, aspects, features and advantages of which the invention is capable will be apparent from the following description of embodiments of the present invention, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a patient with a pulmonary embolism;

FIG. 1B is an enlarged view of the lung area of the patient depicted in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is an enlarged view of the introducer device depicted being used in the femoral vein of the patient in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a patient's heart;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a patients main pulmonary artery and right and left pulmonary arteries with a clot located in the left pulmonary artery;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a clot treatment device in accordance with the present invention in a compressed, undeployed state;

FIG. 5 is a top view of a preferred embodiment of a clot treatment device in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 6A-6F are a series of cross-sectional views of a preferred embodiment of the method and device of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A-7B are a series of cross-sectional views of a preferred embodiment of the method and device of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another preferred embodiment of the method and device of the present invention; and,

FIGS. 9A-9H show cross-sectional views of preferred embodiments of a clot treatment device in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. The terminology used in the detailed description of the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In the drawings, like numbers refer to like elements.

Referring to FIGS. 1A-1C, these drawings show the typical locations in a human patient where pulmonary embolisms 100 occur in the pulmonary arteries and further discloses the pathway through which access to such pulmonary embolisms 100 is achieved. In particular, an introducer device (e.g., a hemostatic valve) 102 which supports relatively large diameter devices is inserted into the patient into the femoral vein FV in the pelvic area of the patient. The tools and devices needed to treat the pulmonary embolism are then inserted through the introducer 102 into the femoral vein FV through the inferior vena cava IVC to the patient's heart.

It will be understood, however, that other access locations into the venous circulatory system of a patient are possible and which are consistent with the present invention. For example, the user can gain access through the jugular vein, the subclavian vein, the brachial vein or any other vein that connects or eventually leads to the superior vena cava. Use of other vessels that are closer to right atrium RA of the patient's heart may be attractive as this will reduce the length of the instruments needed to reach the pulmonary embolism.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the tools/devices are then guided through the right atrium RA through the triscupid valve TV, into the right ventricle RV, through the pulmonary valve PV into the main pulmonary artery (MPA). Depending on the location of the embolism 100, the tools/devices are then guided to one or more of the branches of the right pulmonary artery RPA or the left pulmonary artery LPA, including deeper branches thereof, to the location of the pulmonary embolism 100.

Referring to FIG. 4, an embodiment of a clot treatment device 402 for restoring blood flow through the clot 100 and for removing at least a portion of the clot is depicted in its undeployed, or compressed state. The device 402 is constrained by a delivery catheter 606. In a preferred embodiment, the device 402 is constituted by a braided material, the ends of which are captured distally by a blunt tip 405 and proximally by an attachment member 403 that connects to a pusher wire 401.

In alternative preferred embodiments, the clot treatment device 402 may be an “over the wire” device, in which case, the pusher wire 401, the attachment member 403 and the blunt tip 405 will have a hollow central lumen for receiving a guide wire.

In yet a further preferred embodiment, the distal end of the clot treatment device shall have a flexible, atraumatic extension from the device.

In preferred embodiments the clot treatment device 402 of the present invention has a generally cylindrical shape that, during use, provides a flow lumen for blood across a clot. The treatment device 402 is not, however, limited to a generally cylindrical shape. For example, the shape can be generally conical, generally concave or generally convex along its axis, so long as such shapes provide the aforesaid lumen for blood flow.

In other preferred embodiments, the treatment device 402 also has a series of radially extending portions 406 which are separated by generally cylindrical portions 412. It is important that the clot treatment device be porous so as to allow the flow of blood therethrough. In this regard, in a preferred embodiment the clot treatment device is made from a mesh or braided material. The material can be a superelastic material such as nitinol or an alternative material such as cobalt chrome alloy. The device can be made from a wire lattice, wire braid or stent. Specific preferred embodiments are discussed throughout this specification.

Referring to FIG. 5, the deployed state of the clot treatment device 402 of FIG. 4 is depicted. This preferred embodiment of the clot treatment device 402 is constituted by a mesh structure that is generally cylindrical with a series of radially extending portions 406 situated along the axis of the device 402 and separated by a corresponding series of cylindrical sections 412. Optionally, the generally cylindrical section may have individually have tapers or collectively form a conical lumen (not shown). Each of these radially extending portions 406 is in the shape of a disk. The clot treatment device 402 is self expanding.

Referring to FIGS. 1-3 and 6A-6F, a preferred method of causing flow restoration and clot removal/retrieval with the clot treatment device 402 in a body lumen L is described.

After accessing the femoral vein and inserting a introducer device 102 into the patient, a guide wire 602 is inserted into the patient and maneuvered through the femoral vein FV into the inferior vena cava IVC to the heart. As stated above access can also be achieved through one of the veins leading to the superior vena cava SVC. The guide wire 602 is then urged through the right atrium RA, through the tricuspid valve TV, through the right ventricle RV, through the pulmonary valve PV to the main pulmonary artery MPA and then to a location of the embolism/clot 100 in one of the branches or lumens L of either the right or left pulmonary artery RPA, LPA. In a preferred embodiment, the guide wire 602 is extended through the clot in the body lumen L as shown in FIG. 6A

Referring to FIG. 6B, a guide catheter 604 is placed over the guide wire 602 and moved to a location where a distal end of the guide catheter 604 is positioned proximal to the clot 100.

At this point, the guide wire can optionally be withdrawn. However, in a preferred embodiment the guide wire 602 remains and a delivery catheter 606 that is then moved through the guide catheter 604 over the guide wire 602 and is pushed through the clot 100. This is shown in FIG. 6C.

Referring to FIG. 6D, the guide wire 602 is then withdrawn and the clot treatment device 402 in its undeployed (i.e., compressed) state is then moved through the delivery catheter until it is disposed at the distal end of the delivery catheter 606.

The delivery catheter 606 is then retracted in a proximal direction while maintaining forward pressure on the clot retrieval device 402 via its pusher wire 401 so that the clot treatment device 402 becomes exposed and released from its delivery catheter 606. The clot treatment device 402 radially expands into the clot 100 and in one preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the clot treatment device 402 expands distal of the clot 100. As shown in FIG. 6E, at least one of the radially extending portions 406 of the clot treatment device 402 are located distal to the clot 100 upon expansion of the clot treatment device 402.

It can be seen that upon expansion of the clot treatment device 402 as just described, blood flowthrough the clot 100 is restored. This is depicted with arrows 407 in FIG. 6E. More specifically, the blood is now free to move through the mesh of the clot treatment device 402 and exit the clot treatment device 402 distal to the clot 100. As a result, the acute condition of blockage is corrected thus immediately improving the circulation of oxygenated blood in the patient.

The restoration of blood flow is anticipated to equate with restoration of a substantial portion of the normal blood flow rate for the patient. In less severe. i.e., “sub massive,” pulmonary embolism patients, the clot treatment device 402 may increase blood flow rate by at least about 50 ml/min, at least about 150 ml/min or between about 100 to 250 ml/min. In severe, i.e., “massive,” pulmonary embolism patients, a larger amount of the pulmonary artery flow is compromised. Hence, in some embodiments, at least about 500 ml/min of blood flow rate may be restored. Moreover, at least a portion of the flow restoration is expected to occur prior to the removal of the clot 100, or any portion thereof.

The restoration of blood flow by the clot treatment device 402 can be achieved in a low pressure environment. For example, the pressure in the target vessel can be less than 60 mmHg and the blood can be venous blood, substantially non-oxygenated blood or low oxygenated blood

In addition to restoring blood flow, the expansion of the clot treatment device 402 also impinges or cuts into the clot material. This enhances the subsequent removal of the clot 100 since portions of the clot 100 collect (1) between the radially extending portions 406; (2) through the pores of the mesh forming the radially extending portions 406; (3) along the longitudinal cylindrical sections 412 between the radially extending portions 406 of the removal device 402; and (4) within the clot treatment device 402 itself.

As can be understood from the above description and the drawing figures, the deployment of the clot treatment device 402 results in an outwardly expanding generally cylindrical force being urged against an inner surface of the clot 100. This force pushes the clot material outwardly and creates a lumen through which blood flow is restored. As can also be appreciated, the presence of the radially extending portions 406 on the clot treatment device 402 causes the outwardly expanding generally cylindrical force to vary in magnitude along the axis of the clot treatment device 402. The force on the clot material may be greater at the locations of the radially extending portions 406.

In braided embodiments of the clot treatment device 402, deployment, i.e., expansion, of the device leads the filaments of the braid to change their angular orientation with respect to the axis of the device. This angular change may improve or enhances adherence of clot material to the clot treatment device 402.

After the clot treatment device 402 has been expanded and blood flow restored, the user then retracts the clot treatment device 402 in a proximal direction as shown in FIG. 6F. In one embodiment, the clot treatment device 402 and the delivery catheter 606 are pulled back simultaneously into the guide catheter 604. This is followed by the entire apparatus (i.e., clot treatment device 402, delivery catheter 606 and guide catheter 604) being withdrawn through the heart and the venous circulation and out from the body.

As further shown in FIG. 6F, the clot treatment device 402 may become elongated as it is being withdrawn into the guide catheter 604 due to the resistance it encounters from the presence of clot material of the clot 100. The presence of the radially extending portions 406 may allow elongation that enhances the capability of the device 402 to capture the maximum amount of clot material. This is further discussed below with respect to the surface area and expansion ratio of preferred embodiments of the clot treatment device 402.

It will be appreciated that variations in the above-described method are contemplated. For example, in certain circumstances a guide catheter 604 may not be necessary or desirable and the user may choose to use only the delivery catheter 606 for placing and manipulation of the clot treatment device 402. As a further example, the clot may be of such a nature that the user may desire repeat the above-described process, or at least portions of it, in order to more fully remove the clot 100 or clot material.

Referring next to FIGS. 7A-7B, it may be advantageous to include the use of a collection or funnel catheter 612 to assist in the removal of the clot 100. Such a funnel catheter 612 has an expandable portion 614 at its distal end and may be situated between the guide catheter 604 and the delivery catheter 608 or may be part of the guide catheter 604. In the presence of the collection catheter 612, the clot treatment device 402 is pulled proximally into the collection catheter 612 such that the clot or portions of it are captured within the collection catheter 612. In an alternative embodiment, the collection catheter 612 can be pushed distally over the clot treatment device 402 and capture the clot, or portions thereof, in that manner. If the collection catheter 612 is separate from the guide catheter 606, the collection catheter with the clot treatment device 402 is then pulled into the guide catheter for ultimate removal of all devices (and the clot) from the patient.

In certain circumstances, it may be advisable to remove the clot 100 without capturing it in the guide catheter 606 or the collection catheter 612 (if used) and remove the clot 100 by withdrawing the entire system, e.g., guide catheter 605, delivery catheter 604, clot treatment device 402 and collection catheter 612 (if used) simultaneously.

In a preferred embodiment the collection catheter 612 is constructed as a mesh or braid or stent structure. Such structure assists in retrieving and containing the clot material in the withdrawal process. In yet further preferred embodiments, the collection catheter 612 contains structural features to assist in the expansion of the funnel portion 614 and to hold the funnel portion 614 open towards the wall of the blood vessel. Such features (not shown) include interwoven support struts, self-expanding material (e.g., nitinol), longitudinal wire supports, stent supports, polymeric webbing, etc.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a vacuum apparatus may be used to aid in the removal of the clot material. Referring to FIG. 8, a syringe 802 is shown connected to a vacuum manifold 806 that is in fluid communication with the proximal end of the guide catheter 604. At the time the clot treatment device 402 (and clot material) is being withdrawn into the guide catheter 604 (or the collection catheter 612), vacuum is applied by pulling on the syringe. Alternative sources of vacuum 804 are also acceptable, e.g., a vacuum pump. A system is also contemplated whereby vacuum is actuated automatically when the clot treatment device 402 (and the clot material) is being withdrawn. A representation of the effect of the use of vacuum can be seen with reference to FIG. 7B which shows how vacuum causes flow 701 into the catheter 612.

Referring now to FIGS. 9A-9H, alternative preferred embodiments of the clot treatment device 402 are disclosed.

Referring to FIG. 9A, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by a cylindrical disk shape with a rounded triangular cross-section.

Referring to FIG. 9B, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by a cylindrical disk shape with a rounded triangular cross-section wherein the diameter of the disk increases along the length of the device 402 thus forming a conical exterior extent.

Referring to FIG. 9C, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by a cylindrical disk shape with a rectangular cross-section.

Referring to FIG. 9D, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by a cylindrical disk shape with a linear (non-rounded) triangular cross-section.

Referring to FIG. 9E, some of the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by a cylindrical disk shape with a rounded cross-section and others have a rectangular cross section.

Referring to FIG. 9F, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 alternate between cylindrical disk shape with a T-shaped cross-section and a flare-shaped cross-section.

Referring to FIG. 9G, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by a partial cylindrical disk shapes.

Referring to FIG. 9H, the radially extending portions 406 between the generally cylindrical sections 412 of the clot treatment device 402 are defined by tabs and bumps or protuberances arising from the cylindrical surface of the device 402.

In this regard, it is noted that the radially extending portions 406 provide greater surface area along the device than a device that is uniformly cylindrical. Such increased surface area facilitates the treatment and/or retrieval of a much larger portion of the clot 100 than is generally feasible with a uniformly cylindrical device. For example, in a preferred embodiment of the clot treatment device 402, the device will have an external surface area between 1.5× and 6× the surface area of a uniformly cylindrical device of the same general diameter of the cylindrical sections 412. In other preferred embodiments the ration will be 2× to 4×.

This is advantageous particularly during retraction of the clot treatment device 402 through the clot 100. As shown in FIG. 6F, the clot treatment device 402 may become elongated as it is being withdrawn through the clot 100. Such elongation causes the clot material to encounter greater surface area of the clot treatment device 402 than would otherwise occur with a device that was only generally cylindrical, i.e., that did not incorporate radially extending portions 406. Accordingly the clot treatment device 402 is particularly adept at capturing the maximum amount of clot material during withdrawal.

The clot treatment device 402 is intended for use in large vessels, i.e., vessels with a diameter greater than 8 mm. For example, the diameter of the pulmonary arteries typically range from 15 to 30 mm whereas the first branches of the pulmonary arteries typically range from 10 to 15 mm and the secondary and tertiary branches typically range from 5 to 10 mm. At the same time, however, it is important to minimize the size of catheter providing access to the clot 100. Accordingly, the clot treatment device 402 has a large expansion ratio. In a preferred embodiment the expansion ratio from the diameter of the cylindrical sections 412 in the collapsed state to the expanded state will be between 4 and 8. In another preferred embodiment the ratio will be between 5 and 7. The large expansion ratio also enables the formation of a flow channel in the clot 100 that is large, e.g., on the order of 4-8 mm.

The radially extending portions 406, in their fully expanded position are intended to have a size that matches the diameter of the target blood vessel. However, the diameters may be slightly larger than the vessel diameter so to apply greater radial force against the blood vessel (without causing trauma) in those circumstances when it is desirable to improve clot collection. Similarly, in those circumstances where there is a concern of creating trauma on delicate blood vessels, the radially extending portions 406 may have a diameter that is smaller than the vessel diameter. It is contemplated that different sizes of the device 402 will be available for selection by the user for a particular presentation of the patient.

As for the length of the clot treatment device 402, it is known that a typical pulmonary embolism will have a length within the range between about 2 cm and 10 cm and sometimes between about 1 cm and 20 cm. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the clot treatment device 402 will have a length that exceeds the length of the embolism so that a portion of the clot treatment device is positioned distal of the clot 100 during expansion.

With regard to the delivery catheter 606, in a preferred embodiment for use with a pulmonary embolism, the size will be around 1 F-6 F. Smaller diameters will pass through the clot 100 more easily. In addition, the delivery catheter 606 may have stiffness characteristics to assist in making sure the delivery catheter 606 passes through the clot in a smooth manner. Such stiffness characteristics include self-expanding nitinol wire braids or stent structures that are contained within the structure of the delivery catheter 606. The delivery catheter 606 also has sufficient flexibility so that it may carry the clot treatment device 402 and still pass through a tortuous vessel path as described above starting with insertion of the delivery catheter 606 in the femoral vein FV.

In some preferred embodiments, the method and device in accordance with the present invention may reduce the Mean Resting Pulmonary Artery Pressure (MRPAP). Upon at least partial relief from the clot 100, MRPAP may be reduced by about 20-50 mmHg to a normal range of 8-20 mmHg. In some embodiments, the reduction in MRPAP may be about 25-50%. In some embodiments, the reduction in MRPAP may be about 15% to 40% and in other embodiments between about 30% and 75%.

Such a reduction in MRPAP can occur in two steps. The first step is when the clot treatment device 402 is first deployed and blood flow is at least partially restored. The second step is when the clot treatment device 402 is retracted and at least some of the clot 100 is removed from the vessel.

Although the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments and applications, one of ordinary skill in the art, in light of this teaching, can generate additional embodiments and modifications without departing from the spirit of or exceeding the scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the drawings and descriptions herein are proffered by way of example to facilitate comprehension of the invention and should not be construed to limit the scope thereof. 

1-30. (canceled)
 31. A method of treating a pulmonary embolism that at least partially restricts blood flow through a pulmonary vessel, the method comprising: delivering an embolectomy device at least partially through the pulmonary embolism, wherein the embolectomy device includes an expandable braided structure; deploying the braided structure within at least a portion of the pulmonary embolism, wherein deploying the braided structure includes withdrawing a delivery sheath such that the braided structure expands and forms a flow channel that restores blood flow through the pulmonary embolism and wherein, in a deployed state, the braided structure has a cylindrical portion positioned between a first portion and a second portion that individually extend radially outwardly from the cylindrical portion such that a surface area to length ratio of the individual first and second portions is greater than the surface area to length ratio of the cylindrical portion; moving the embolectomy device and at least a portion of the pulmonary embolism along the pulmonary vessel; and withdrawing the embolectomy device and at least a portion of the pulmonary embolism from the pulmonary vessel.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein deploying the braided structure includes expanding at least one of the first and second portions distal to the pulmonary embolism.
 33. The method of claim 31 wherein deploying the braided structure comprises expanding the braided structure such that a combined surface area of the cylindrical portion, first portion, and the second portion is within a range of at least two times to four times the surface area of a uniformly cylindrical device having a diameter that is the same as that of the cylindrical portion and a length that is the same as the combined length of the first, second, and third portions.
 34. The method of claim 31, further comprising applying vacuum while withdrawing the embolectomy device.
 35. The method of claim 31 wherein, in a deployed state, the cylindrical portion has a length in a longitudinal direction and each of the first and second portions have a length in the longitudinal direction that is less than the length of the cylindrical portion.
 36. The method of claim 31 wherein the braided structure is self-expanding.
 37. The method of claim 31 wherein withdrawing the braided structure includes elongating the braided structure.
 38. The method of claim 31 wherein deploying the braided structure includes expanding the cylindrical portion such that a diameter of the cylindrical portion increases by a ratio of at least 4:1 to 8:1.
 39. The method of claim 31 wherein the first and second portions are disc-shaped.
 40. The method of claim 31 wherein deploying the clot treatment device includes urging an outer surface of the cylindrical portion against an inner surface of the pulmonary embolism to form a channel having a longitudinal length that is between about 4 mm to about 8 mm.
 41. The method of claim 41 wherein deploying the braided structure reduces a mean resting pulmonary artery pressure within a range of about 20-50 mmHg.
 42. A method of treating a pulmonary embolism at a treatment site within a pulmonary vessel, the method comprising: delivering a catheter to the treatment site such that at least a portion of the catheter is positioned within the pulmonary embolism; delivering a clot treatment device in a delivery state through the catheter to the treatment site and into at least a portion of the pulmonary embolism, wherein, in a deployed state, the clot treatment device includes a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion between the first and second portions; expanding the third portion from a delivery state to a deployed state; expanding the first and second portions from a delivery state to a deployed state, wherein, in the deployed state, the first and second portions have a diameter that is greater than a diameter of the third portion in the deployed state, and wherein the third portion has a length in a longitudinal direction and each of the first and second portions have a length in the longitudinal direction that is less than the length of the third portion; engaging at least a portion of the pulmonary embolism with the clot treatment device to secure the pulmonary embolism to the clot treatment device; and withdrawing the clot treatment device, captured pulmonary embolism, and catheter simultaneously from the treatment site.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein the catheter is a first catheter, and wherein the method further comprises drawing the clot treatment device, the first catheter, and the captured pulmonary embolism into a second catheter.
 44. The method of claim 42 wherein expanding the first and second portions includes expanding at least one of the first and second portions distal to the pulmonary embolism.
 45. The method of claim 42 wherein delivering the catheter includes delivering the catheter such that a distal terminus of the catheter is located distal to a distal portion of the pulmonary embolism.
 46. The method of claim 42, further comprising applying vacuum while withdrawing the clot treatment device.
 47. The method of claim 42 wherein expanding the clot treatment device includes expanding the first, second, and third portions such that a combined surface area of the first, second, and third portions expands within a range of at least two times to four times the surface area of a uniformly cylindrical device having a diameter that is the same as that of the third portion and a length that is the same as the combined length of the first, second, and third portions.
 48. The method of claim 42 wherein expanding the third portion includes the urging an outer surface of the third portion against an inner surface of the pulmonary embolism to form a channel having a longitudinal length that is between about 4 mm to about 8 mm.
 49. The method of claim 42 wherein expanding the third portion includes increasing the blood flow rate through the pulmonary embolism by at least about 50 mL/min.
 50. The method of claim 42 wherein the first, second, and third portions are self-expanding. 